Aviation Weather
full text of the classic FAA guide
INDEX
A
Adiabatic Process, 47
Adiabatic Rate of Cooling—
Dry, 48
Moist, 48
Advection, 24
Advection Fog, 127, 153
Aerodynamic Contrails, 143
Airborne Weather Radar, 120
Aircraft Accidents, 125
Aircraft Observation (APOB), 187
Air Density. See Atmosphere.
Air Mass, 63, 148
Modification, 64
Source Region, 63
Thunderstorms. See Thunderstorms.
Altimeter, 17
Altimeter Setting, 18
Altimetry, 17
Altitude, 17
Corrected, 18
Density. See Density Altitude.
Indicated, 17
Pressure, 19
True, 17
Altocumulus Clouds. See Clouds.
Altostratus Clouds. See Clouds.
Aneroid Barometer, 12, 17
Anticyclone, 29
Arctic, 147
Air Masses, 148
Aurora Borealis, 152
Blowing Snow, 153
Clouds, 151
Flying Weather, 154
Fog, 153
Icing, 153
Light from Celestial Bodies, 152
Precipitation, 151
Reflection by Snow Cover, 152
Whiteout, 153
Atmosphere, 1
Composition of, 2
Density of, 3
Standard, 2, 13, 17
Structure of, 2
Atmospheric Pressure, 11
Measurement of, 11
Aurora Borealis, 152
B
Barometer, 17
Aneroid, 12,17
Mercurial, 12
Blowing Restrictions to Visibility, 129, 153
Bora, 32
C
Canopy Static, 145
Carburetor Icing, 97
Ceiling, 115
Celsius (Centigrade) Temperature Scale, 6
Change of State, 39
Changes in Upward and Downward Moving Air, 47
Chinook, 32
Cirrocumulus Clouds. See Clouds.
Cirrostratus Clouds. See Clouds.
Cirrus Clouds. See Clouds.
Cirrus Haze, 144
Clear Air Turbulence (CAT), 87, 142
Clouds, 53
Altocumulus, 56
Altocumulus Castellanus, 57
Altostratus, 56
Cirriform, 54
Cirrocumulus, 55
Cirrostratus, 55
Cirrus, 54, 139
Classification, 53
Composition, 42
Cumuliform, 50
Cumulonimbus, 54, 61, 81
Cumulonimbus Mamma, 114
Cumulus, 53, 60
Families, 53
Formation, 37,42
Funnel, 113
High, 54
Identification, 53
Lenticular, 58, 85, 199
Low, 54
Middle, 54
Nimbostratus, 54, 59
Roll, 115
Rotor, 85
Standing Lenticular, 58, 85, 199
Standing Wave, 58, 84, 199
Stratiform, 50
Stratocumulus, 60, 83
Stratus, 53, 59, 128
Towering Cumulus, 61
Vertically Developed, 54
Col, 15
Cold Front. See Front
Cold Low, 36
Common IFR Producer, 125
Compressional Warming, 47
Condensation, 39
Condensation Nuclei, 40
Condensation Trails, 143
Constant Pressure Analysis, 16
Constant Pressure Chart, 16
Constant Pressure Surface, 17
Contour, 16
Contour Analysis. See Constant Pressure Analysis.
Convection, 23
Convective Currents, 24,80
Convective Turbulence, 80
Cooling by Expansion, 47
Coriolis Force, 25, 29
Corrected Altitude, 18
Cross-Country Soaring, 190, 200
Cumuliform Clouds. See Clouds.
Cumulonimbus Clouds. See Clouds.
Cumulus Clouds. See Clouds.
Cyclone, 29
Tropical, 164
D
Deflective Force. See Coriolis Force.
Density Altitude, 19
Computing, 21
Density of Air, 3
Dew, 41
Dew Point, 38
Change with Altitude, 51
Dew Point Front, 76
Dissipation Trails, 144
Diurnal Temperature Range, 7
Do's and Don'ts of Thunderstorm Flying, 121
Downdraft,83, 111
Drainage Wind, 32
Drizzle. See Precipitation.
Dry Adiabatic Rate of Cooling, 48
Dry Line, 76
Dust, 129
Dust Devil, 52, 173
E
Easterly Wave, 163
Embedded Thunderstorms. See Thunderstorms.
Evaporation, 39
Exhaust Trails, 143
Expansional Cooling, 47
F
Fahrenheit Temperature Scale, 6
First Gust, 111
Flight Planning, 21, 45, 52, 78, 85, 90, 102, 121, 130, 143, 155
Fog, 42, 126
Advection, 127, 153
Ground, 126
Ice, 128, 153
Precipitation Induced, 128
Radiation, 126
Sea, 127
Steam, 153
Upslope, 127
Freezing Precipitation. See Precipitation.
Frictional Force, 29
Front, 64, 148
Cold, 65
Dew Point, 76
Occluded, 67
Stationary, 65
Warm, 65
Frontal Discontinuities, 65
Frontal Soaring, 191
Frontal Waves and Occlusion, 66
Frontal Weather, 72, 100, 112
Frontogenesis, 71
Frontolysis, 71
Frost, 41, 102, 153
Frozen Precipitation. See Precipitation.
Funnel Cloud, 113
G
General Circulation, 26
Ground Fog, 126
H
Hail, 43, 115
Haze, 129
Heat and Temperature, 6
Latent, 40
Heating by Compression, 47
Height Contour, 16
High Altitude Weather, 135
High Clouds. See Clouds.
High Level Haze, 144
High Pressure System, 15
Hill Soaring, 195
Humidity, 38
Hurricane, 164
Hurricane Reconnaissance, 167
Hypoxia, 3
I
Ice Fog, 128, 153
Icing—
Aircraft, 41, 91, 153
Carburetor, 97
Clear, 92
Effects of, 91
Ground, 102
High Altitude, 145
Icing and Cloud Types, 99
Induction System, 97
Instrument, 98
Intensities, 93, 104
Mixed, 93
Rime, 92
Structural, 92
Thunderstorm, 101, 114
Inactive Front, 74
Indicated Altitude, 17
Induced Trough, 162
Induction System Icing, 97
Instability, 49, 64
Instability Line, 75
Instrument Icing, 98
Intertropical Convergence Zone, 159
Inversion, 9
Isobar, 15
Isobaric Analysis, 15
J
Jet Stream, 31, 136
Cirrus, 139
Related to Surface Systems, 138
Related to Tropopause, 31, 136
Turbulence, 142
K
Katabatic Wind, 32
L
Lake Effect, 43
Land and Sea Breezes, 32
Lapse Rate, 9
Latent Heat, 40
Lenticular Cloud. See Clouds.
Lift, 171
Lightning, 116
Local Winds, 31
Low Clouds. See Clouds.
Low Pressure Systems, 15, 35
Non-Frontal, 36, 70
Low Stratus Clouds. See Clouds.
M
Mechanical Turbulence, 82
Melting, 39
Melting Point, 6
Mercurial Barometer, 12
Middle Clouds. See Clouds.
Moist Adiabatic Rate of Cooling, 48
Moisture, 37
Monsoon, 160
Mountain Flying, 85
Mountain Wave, 58, 83, 198
Mountain Wave Soaring, 198
Mountain Wind, 31
N
Nimbostratus Clouds. See Clouds.
Non-Frontal Low, 36, 70
Northern Lights (Aurora Borealis), 152
O
Obscured Sky, 130
Obstructions to Wind Flow, 82
Occluded Front. See Front.
Oxygen Pressure, 3
Oxygen, Use of, 4
P
Pilot Reports, 90, 104, 143, 155
Pitot Tube Icing, 98
Plow Wind, 111
Polar Easterlies, 29
Polar Outbreak, 29
Precipitation, 37, 42
Drizzle, 43,130
Formation, 42
Freezing, 43
Frozen, 43
Hail, 43, 115
Ice Pellets, 43
Rain, 39, 43, 130
Snow, 43, 130
Precipitation Induced Fog, 128
Precipitation Static, 117
Pressure Altitude, 19
Pressure Analysis, 15
Pressure, Atmospheric, 11
Measurement of, 11
Sea Level, 13
Station, 12
Units of, 12
Variation with Altitude, 12, 36
Variation with Seasons, 27
Variation with Temperature, 13, 27
Variation with Topography, 29
Pressure Gradient, 24
Pressure Gradient Force, 24
Pressure Patterns, 15, 35
Pressure Surface, Constant, 17
Pressure Systems, 15, 35
Pressure Variation. See Pressure.
Pressurization, 4
Prevailing Westerlies, 29
Propeller Icing, 95
Pseudo-Adiabatic Chart, 184
Q
Quasi-Stationary Front, 65
R
Radiation, 6
Radiation Fog, 126
Radiosonde, 16
Rain. See Precipitation.
Relative Humidity, 38
Restrictions to Visibility, 36, 115, 126, 129
Ridge, 15, 35
Ridge or Hill Soaring, 195
Rime. See Icing.
Roll Cloud. See Clouds.
Rotor, 85
Rotor Cloud. See Clouds.
S
Saint Elmo's Fire, 117
Santa Ana Wind, 32
Saturated Adiabatic Rate of Cooling, 48
Saturated Air, 41
Sea Breeze, 32
Sea Breeze Front, 191
Sea Breeze Soaring, 191
Sea Fog, 127
Sea Level Pressure, 13
Sea Smoke, 153
Shear Line, 162
Shear, Wind. See Wind Shear.
Signposts in the Sky, 50, 62
Sink. 171
Sink Rate, 171
Slant Visibility, 130
Smoke, 129
Smoke Front, 193
Snow. See Precipitation.
Soaring—
Cross-Country, 190, 191, 200
Frontal, 191
Mountain Wave, 198
Ridge or Hill, 195
Sea Breeze, 191
Thermal. 172
Turbulence, 173, 176, 191, 195, 199
Soaring Weather, 171
Solar Radiation, 6
Source Regions of Air Masses, 63
Spatial Disorientation, 125
Spread, Temperature-Dew Point, 38
Squall Line, 114
Stability, 49, 64
Stable Air, 47, 64
Standard Atmosphere, 2, 13, 17
Standard Atmospheric Pressure, 13
Standing Wave. See Mountain Wave.
Static—
Canopy, 145
Precipitation, 117
Station Pressure, 12
Stationary Front See Front.
Steam Fog, 153
Stratiform Clouds. See Clouds.
Stratocumulus Clouds. See Clouds.
Stratosphere, 2
Stratus Clouds. See Clouds.
Sublimation, 39, 41
Subtropical High Pressure Belt, 27, 158
Supercooled Water, 41
Surface Weather Chart, 15
T
Taku, 32
Temperature, 6
Diurnal Range, 7
Inversion, 9
Lapse Rate, 9
Measurement, 6
Scales, 6
Seasonal Range, 7
Variation with Height, 9
Variation with Latitude, 7
Variation with Topography, 7
World, 7
Temperature-Dew Point Spread, 38
Terrain Effects, 43, 101, 150
Terrestrial Radiation, 6
Thermal, 172
Height, 180
Index, 186
Lift, 172
Locating, 173
Streets, 180
Strength, 180
Structure, 178
Terrain Effects on, 173
Types of, 178
Thermal Low, 36, 71
Thermal Soaring, 172
Thunderstorm, 36, 61, 105, 145
Air Mass, 112
Avoidance, 120
Climatology, 105
Effect on Altimeters, 116
Electricity, 116
Embedded, 51, 72, 101, 121
Flying, 121
Formation, 111
Frontal, 72, 112
Hazards, 113
Life Cycle, 111
Penetration, 123
Radar Observations of, 120
Seasonal Distribution, 105
Severe, 112
Stages of, 111
Steady State, 112
Structure, 111
Tornado, 113
Trade Winds, 29, 158
Tropical—
Circulation, 158
Cyclone, 164
Depression, 164
Easterly Wave, 163
High Pressure Belts, 27, 158
Intertropical Convergence Zone, 159
Monsoon, 160
Shear Line, 162
Storm, 164
Trade Wind Belts, 27, 158
Trough Aloft, 162
Wave, 163
Tropical Weather, 157
Tropopause, 2, 31, 136
Troposphere, 2
Trough, 15, 35
Aloft, 36, 162
True Altitude, 17
Turbulence, 79
Clear Air, 87, 142
Convective, 80
In Thunderstorms, 81, 114
Mechanical, 82
Wake, 88
Wind Shear, 65, 86, 142
Typhoon, 164
U
Unstable Air, 47, 64
Updrafts, 50, 111
Upper Air Observations, 16, 187
Upslope Fog, 127
V
Valley Wind, 31
Virga, 39
W
Wake Turbulence, 88
Warm Front. See Front.
Warming by Compression, 47
Water Surface, Effect of, 7, 27, 32, 43, 64, 150
Water Vapor, 37
Waterspout, 113
Weather and Aircraft Accidents, 125
Whiteout, 153
Willy-Willy, 164
Wind, 23
Wind Gusts, 111
Wind Shadow, 197, 200
Wind Shear, 34, 65, 86
Wind Shear Turbulence, 65, 86, 142
Wind Systems, 35
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